An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils or aetherolea, or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group have any specific chemical or pharmaceutical properties in common. Instead they are defined by the fact that they convey characteristic fragrances. It follows that the common tendency to speak of essential oils as a category, as if that implied anything in particular about their medical, pharmacological, or culinary properties, is highly unreliable and often actually dangerous. Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soap and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products.

Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. Medical application proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer, and often are based on nothing better than historical accounts of use of essential oils for these purposes. Claims for the efficacy of medical treatments and treatment of cancers in particular, are now subject to regulation in most countries, and to avoid criminal liability, suppliers of fringe remedies are becoming increasingly vague in what they promise. As the use of essential oils has declined in mainstream evidence-based medicine, one must consult the older textbooks for much information on their use, eg Sapeika and Thorpe.

Modern works are less inclined to generalise; rather than refer to "essential oils" as a class at all, they prefer to discuss specific compounds such as methyl salicylate without mentioning even "oil of wintergreen". See for example Goodman or Casarett. Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils have curative effects. Oils are volatilized or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, diffused in the air by a nebulizer or by heating over a candle flame, or burned as incense, for example. The techniques and methods first used to produce essential oils was first mentioned by Ibn al-Baitar (2788-1248), an Andalusian physician, pharmacist and chemist.

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Allspice (Pimento) Pimenta officinalis Scent: Clove Uses: Warming to the body Reduces stress Calming Relaxes tight muscles Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Disinfectant Aloe Aloe vera or Aloe barbadensis Uses: Lessens pain Healing, moisturizink, rejuvenating for skin Hydrates dry hair Anise Pimpinella anisum Scent: Licorice Uses: Calming Lessens pain Aphrodisiac Promotes restful sleep Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Increases appetite Stimulates lactation in nursing mothers (Sweet) Basil Ocimum basilicum Scent: Slightly licorice Uses: Calming Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Mood uphfting Helps relieve fatigue Improves digestion Stimulates lactation in nursing mothers Improves mental clarity and memory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purifying effect on the body Soothes insect bites (Sweet) Basil (Sweet) Bay Laurus nobilis Scent: Spicy Uses: Relaxes tight muscles Soothes sprains Lessens pain Calming Promotes restful sleep Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Improves mental clarity and memory Promotes perspiration Disinfectant Repels insects Benzoin Scent: Cinnamon-vanilla Uses: Warming to the body Reduces stress Calming Helpful for meditation Relaxes tight muscles Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Helps reduce cellulite deposits Healing to the skin Preservative in cosmetics Fixative for perfumes and fragrances Citrus bergamia Scent: Citrus Uses: Reduces anxiety, nervous tension, and stress Balances nervous system Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Disinfectant Cedarwood Cedrus atlantica Scent: Woody Uses: Reduces anxiety and tension calming Relaxes tight muscles Helpful for meditation Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Vapors help breathing Repels insects Celery Apium graveo lens Scent: Strong celery Uses: Reduces tension Calming Promotes restful sleep Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purifying effect on the body Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla and Anthemis nobilis Scent: Musky Uses: Reduces stress and tension Calming Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Reduces inflammation Improves digestion Increases appetite Healing to the skin Soothes insect bites Cinnamon Bark and Leaf Cinnamomum zeylanicum Scent: Cinnamon Uses: Warming to the body Relaxes tight muscles Lessens pain Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Helps relieve fatigue Improves digestion Increases appetite Helps reduce cellulite deposits Disinfectant Repels insects Clary Sage Salvia sciarea Scent: Sweet and spicy Uses: Reduces stress and tension Calming Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Aphrodisiac Improves digestion Contains estrogen-like hormone Encourages communication Clove Eugenia caryophyllata Scent: Hot and spicy Uses: Warming to the body Relieves pain Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Aphrodisiac Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Improves mental clarity and memory Disinfectant Repels insects Coriander Coriandrum sativum Scent: Musky Uses: Relieves pain Helps relieve fatigue Improves digestion Improves mental clarity and memory Cubeb Piver cubeba Scent: Peppery Uses: Relieves pain Breaks up congestion Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Cumin Cuminum cyminum Scent: Strong spicy Uses: Warming to the body Relieves pain Helps relieve fatigue Energizing Improves digestion Cypress Cupressus sempervirens Scent: Woody Uses: Reduces stress and tension Relaxes tight muscles Calming Promotes restful sleep Regulates female reproductive system Reduces perspiration Helps reduce cellulite deposits Contracts weak connective tissue Tones skin Stops bleeding from injuries Dill Anethum graveo lens Scent: Spicy Uses: Reduces stress Calming Relieves pain Promotes restful sleep Improves digestion Stimulates lactation in nursing mothers Repels insects

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Scent: Fresh, camphorlike Uses: Cooling to the body Relieves pain Refreshing Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Disinfectant Repels insects Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Scent: Strong licorice Uses: Warming to the body Relieves pain Improves digestion Increases appetite Contains estrogen-like hormone Stimulates lactation in nursing mothers Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purfying effect on the body Repels insects Benzoin Boswellia thurifera Scent: Woody and camphorlike Uses: Calming Helpful for meditation Promotes restful sleep Reduces inflammation Encourages communication Healing to the skin and wrinkles Geranium Pelargonium graveo lens Scent: Roselike Uses: Reduces stress and tension Calming in small amounts Stimulating in large amounts Lessens pain Mood uplfting Reduces inflammation Encourages communication Helps reduce cellulite deposits Stops bleeding from injuries Soothes itching skin Repels insects Ginger Zingiber officinale Scent: Spicy Uses: Warming to the body Relaxes tight muscles Relieves pain Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Helps relieve fatigue Energizing Improves digestion Increases appetite Improves mental clarity and memory Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Scent: Citrus Uses: Cooling to the body Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Refreshing Energizing Increases physical strength Improves mental clarity and mèmory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purifying effect on the body Jasmine Jasminum officinale Scent: Sweet floral Uses: Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Juniper Berries Juniperus communis Scent: Evergreen forest Uses: Lessens pain Energizing Reduces inflammation Improves mental clarity and memory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purfying to the body Soothes insect bites Repels insects Lavender Lavandula officinalis Scent: Fresh and clean Uses: Reduces stress and tension Calming in small amounts Stimulating in large amounts Relaxes tight muscles Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Mood uphfting Balances mood swings Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Imprqves digestion Purifying to the body Disinfectant Healing to the skin Soothes insect bites Repels insects Lemon Citrus limonum Scent: Lemony Uses: Cooling to the body Balancing, calming, or energizing Balances nervous system Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Refreshing Improves mental clarity and memory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purifying effect on the body Stops bleeding from injuries Disinfectant Soothes insect bites Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus Scent: Strong lemon Uses: Calming Balances nervous system Mood uplifting Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Stimulates lactation in nursing mothers Contracts weak connective tissue Disinfectant Tones skin Repels insects Lime Citrus limetta Scent: Fresh citrus Uses: Cooling to the body Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Refreshing Energizing Improves mental clarity and memory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purfying effect on the body Disinfectant Soothes insect bites Mandarin Citrus nobilis Scent: Sweet citrus Uses: Cooling to the body Reduces stress and tension Calming Mood uplifting Marjoram Origanum marjorana Scent: Sweet and spicy Uses: Warming to the body Calming Relaxes tight muscles Promotes restful sleep Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Disinfectant Soothes insect bites Melissa Melissa officinalis Scent: Lemony Uses: Reduces stress and anxiety Calming and relaxing Relieves aches and pains Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Myrrh Commiphora myrrha Scent: Bitter Uses: Helpful for meditation Mood uplifting Reduces inflammation Healing to the skin Myrtle Myrtus communis Scent: Fresh, camphorlike Uses: Calming Vapors help breathing Neroli Citrus aurantiurn Scent: Sweet floral Uses: Relieves nervous tension Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Scent: Spicy Uses: Calming in small amounts Stimulating in large amounts Relaxes tight muscles Relieves pain Improves digestion Orange Citrus aurantium Scent: Sweet orange Uses: Cooling to the body Reduces stress Calming Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Purifying effect on the body

Palmarosa Cymbopogon martini Scent: Sweet Uses: Warming to the body Relaxes tight muscles Lessens pain Mood uplifting Reduces inflammation Healing, regenerating, moisturizing for skin Patchouli Pogostemon patchouli Scent: Musky Uses: Mood uplfting Aphrodisiac Nerve stimulant Disinfectant Healing to the skin Repels insects Black Peppery’ Piper nigrum Scent: Hot and spicy Uses: Warming to the body Relaxes tight muscles Improves digestion Peppermint Mentha piperita Scent: Strong mint Uses: Cooling to the body Relieves pain Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Aphrodisiac Refreshing Energizing Nerve stimulant Increases physical strength Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Increases appetite Reduces lactation in nursing mothers Improves mental clarity and memory Soothes itching skin Repels insects Peru Balsam Myroxylon pereirae Scent: Vanilla Uses: Warming to the body Calming Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Healing to the skin Petitgrain Citrus bigarade Scent: Slightly citrus Uses: Reduces anxiety, stress, and tension Calming Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Improves mental clarity and memory Healing to the skin Pine Pinus sylvestris Scent:’ Fresh pine Uses: Lessens pain Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Refreshing Energizing Increases physical strength Breaks up congestion Vapors help breathing Improves mental clarity and memory Purifying effect on the body Disinfectant Rose Rosa centifolia and Rosa damascena Scent: Rosy Uses: Calming Lessens pain Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Increases physical strength Reduces inflammation Purifying effect on the body Healing to the skin Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Scent: Strong camphor Uses: Relaxes tight muscles Relieves pain Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Energizing Nerve stimulant Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Improves mental clarity and memory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purifying effect on the body Disinfectant Repels insects Sage Salvia officinalis Scent: Spicy Uses: Lessens pain Reduces lactation in nursing mothers Reduces perspiration Purfying effect on the body Disinfectant Sandalwood Santalum album Scent: Woody Uses: Reduces stress Calming Helpful fof meditation Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Healing to the skin Spearmint Mentha spicata Scent: Mirtty Uses: Cooling to the body Relieves pain Mood uplifting Helps relieve fatigue Aphrodisiac Refreshing Energizing Nerve stimulant Increases physical strength Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Increases appetite Improves mental clarity and memory Soothes itching skin Repels insects Spruce Picea mariana Scent: Sweet pinelike Uses: Calming Breaks up congestion Vapors help breathing Encourages communication Tea Tree Mela leuca alternifo ha Scent: Camphorlike Uses: Lessens pain Vapors help breathing Disinfectant Healing to the skin Thyme Thymus vulgaris Scent: Hot and spicy Uses: Warming to the body Relaxes tight muscles Lessens pain Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Increases physical strength Breaks up congestion Reduces inflammation Vapors help breathing Improves digestion Increases appetite Increases perspiration Improves mental clarity and memory Helps reduce cellulite deposits Purifying effect on the body Disinfectant Repels insects Tolu Balsam Myroxion toluiferum Scent: Floral Uses: Mood uplifting Fixative for perfumes and fragrances Deodorant Vetiver Vetiveria zizanoides Scent: Earthy Uses: Reduces stress and tension Calming Relaxes tight muscles Relieves pain Promotes restful sleep Increases physical strength Healing to the skin Repels insects Ylang-Ylang Cananga odorata Scent: Sweet floral Uses: Calming Relaxes tight muscles Lessens pain Promotes restful sleep Mood uplifting Aphrodisiac Encourages communication Reduces stress and tension Disinfectant Calming